Benefits and uses:

• Protects the cells

• Maintains mitochondrial function and cellular viability under stressful conditions

• Regulates metabolic homeostasis

• May mitigate diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity

• Inhibits purine biosynthesis

• Activates 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increasing fat oxidation

• Increases transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to burn for energy

• Increases fat burning and reduces production of new fat molecules

• Improves glucose uptake by bringing glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in muscles

• Activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha), which increases the generation of new and healthy mitochondria.

• PGC-1alpha then activates nuclear respiratory factors (Nrf1 and Nrf2), which turns on many antioxidant genes.

• Increases calorie burn as heat production by increasing brown fat and mitochondrial uncoupling using uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1)

• Preserves mitochondrial function and bone mass in a mouse menopause model, with biochemical effects similar to exercise

• Improves athletic performance

• Supports weight loss effort in combination with diet and exercise

• May improve strength and muscle gain by modulating myostatin

• Protects against memory impairment from amyloid beta and lipopolysaccharides (inflammatory bacterial toxins from leaky gut) in a mouse model with intranasal delivery

• May boost longevity